At the beginning of the founding of New China, transportation was very backward. The total railway mileage in China is only 21800 kilometers, half of which are paralyzed. Only 80800 kilometers of roads can be opened to traffic, with 51000 civilian vehicles. The inland waterway is in a natural state. There are only 12 civil aviation routes. There are few postal service outlets. The main means of transport are animal drawn vehicles and wooden sailboats.

After the founding of New China, the Chinese government made it clear that first of all, we should create some basic conditions to restore transportation. After three years of national economic recovery, the damaged transportation facilities and equipment have been repaired, and water, land and air transportation have been restored. Since 1953, transportation construction has been carried out in a planned way. During the first and second five-year plans and the period of national economic adjustment (1953-1965), the state invested more in transportation, renovated and built a number of railways, highways, ports and wharves, and civil airports, improved the coverage of transportation infrastructure in the west and remote areas, dredged major waterways, opened new international and domestic waterways and air routes, expanded postal networks, and increased the number of transportation equipment. During the "Cultural Revolution" (1966-1976), the development of transportation was once seriously disrupted, but the scale of facilities and equipment and transportation routes were still increasing, especially in view of the increasingly serious situation of ship pressure, port pressure and cargo pressure in major coastal ports, the construction of port infrastructure was accelerated. During this period, pipeline transportation has also been developed.

In 1978, reform and opening up opened a new chapter in China's economic and social development, and transportation entered a stage of rapid development. The Chinese government has given priority to the development of transportation, increased policy support, made pioneering exploration in opening up the transportation market and establishing a socialized financing mechanism, and actively reversed the passive situation that transportation does not adapt to economic and social development.

The railway implements the economic contract responsibility system; Three policies have been introduced to support the development of highways, including raising the standard of road maintenance fee collection, levying vehicle purchase surcharges, and "building roads with loans and repaying loans with fees"; The bidding system has been implemented for highway and waterway engineering construction projects; The port took the lead in opening to the outside world, and the shipping industry was the first to realize "going global"; Civil aviation has embarked on the path of enterprise development, and the air transport market has begun to take shape; We will reform the postal management system, establish a China Express Service Company, and resume postal savings business; Increase investment in transportation construction and attract social capital to participate in infrastructure construction. In 1988, Shanghai Jiaxing Expressway was opened to traffic, achieving a breakthrough of zero expressway in Chinese Mainland.

In 1992, China established the reform goal of establishing a socialist market economic system. The reform and opening up of transportation has been intensified, and breakthroughs have been made in the development of various transportation modes. The railway construction war was carried out. Since 1997, the railway has carried out six major speed increases in a row. The "three main and one support" plan of highway main skeleton, waterway main channel, port station main hub and support guarantee system is implemented for highway and waterway transportation, and the goal and task of accelerating the construction pace are formulated. Civil aviation airport construction fee, infrastructure construction fund, railway construction fund and inland waterway shipping construction fund have been set up successively.

In response to the financial crisis in Southeast Asia, China has implemented an active fiscal policy. Highway construction investment has entered the "fast lane", and highway construction has risen on a large scale. We will implement the strategy of developing the western region, and comprehensively strengthen the construction of railways, highways, airports, and natural gas pipelines in the western region. Put forward the development goal of "building good rural roads, serving urbanization, and letting farmer brothers walk on oil roads and cement roads", setting off a new upsurge in rural road construction. Deepen the reform of port management system and accelerate port construction. The separation of posts and telecommunications and the separation of government and enterprises will be implemented, and the postal industry will develop towards the modern postal industry of "three in one" of information flow, capital flow and logistics. A series of plans, such as Medium and Long term Railway Network Planning and National Expressway Network Planning, have been issued successively. We will vigorously improve the basic public services of transportation, and comprehensively strengthen the construction of urban and rural passenger transport, urban public transport, and emergency rescue for transportation safety. In 2008, the Ministry of Transport was established, and substantial steps were taken to reform the system of major transport sectors. In the same year, the Beijing Tianjin inter city railway was opened to traffic, and China started the "high-speed railway era".

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, transportation has entered a new stage of accelerating the construction of a modern comprehensive transportation system. In 2013, the railway realized the separation of government and enterprise, and the system reform of major transportation departments was basically implemented. We will comprehensively deepen the reform of transportation, build government departments under the rule of law, accelerate the construction of "four transportation", namely, comprehensive transportation, smart transportation, green transportation and safe transportation, and formulate development plans around three national strategies, namely, the construction of the "the Belt and Road", the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and the construction of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Accelerate the networking of comprehensive transportation infrastructure and promote the effective connection of multiple transportation modes. Promote the development of modern logistics industry and improve the level of comprehensive transportation service guarantee. We will strengthen the supply and management of basic public services in transportation, and support the development of transportation infrastructure, urban and rural passenger transport, and urban public transport in contiguous poverty-stricken areas. We will promote the coordinated development of regional transportation in the "four plates" of the East, Central, West and Northeast, accelerate the development of high-speed rail in the western region, and significantly improve the transportation conditions in the central and western regions. In 2013, the Motuo Highway in Tibet was completed and opened to traffic, and China has truly opened roads to all counties.

Over the past 60 years, China's transportation has generally experienced a struggle from "bottleneck constraints" to "initial relief", and then to "basically adapt" to the needs of economic and social development. The gap between China and the world's first-class level has narrowed rapidly, and some areas have surpassed. A modern comprehensive transportation system is now facing the world.

After years of reform and development, a comprehensive transportation network with multiple nodes and full coverage has been initially formed, the "five vertical and five horizontal" comprehensive transportation channels have been basically connected, a large number of comprehensive passenger transport and freight hub stations (logistics parks) have been put into operation, the development of transportation equipment has been continuously upgraded, the level of transportation services has been significantly improved, major breakthroughs have been achieved in scientific and technological innovation and application, and the transportation market system, management system and legal system have been continuously improved.

1. Infrastructure network

A multi-level railway network has basically taken shape.

By the end of 2015, the total operating mileage of national railways had reached 121000 km, ranking the second in the world; The high-speed railway is 19,000 kilometers, ranking first in the world. The high-speed passenger transport network with high-speed railway as the skeleton and intercity railway as the supplement has been preliminarily completed. The double track rate and electrification rate of national railways reached 53.5% and 61.8% respectively. A large capacity channel across the east and west, and across the north and south has been gradually formed, and the logistics facilities have been improved synchronously, gradually realizing the direct, fast and heavy transportation of goods.

A wide road network has been established.

By the end of 2015, the total mileage of highways in China had reached 4.5773 million kilometers. The expressway mileage reached 123500 kilometers, ranking first in the world. The national and provincial trunk highway network has been continuously improved, connecting administrative regions at county level and above. The mileage of rural roads reached 3.9806 million kilometers, reaching 99.9% of the townships and 99.8% of the villages. The technical structure of the road network has been continuously optimized, and the mileage of classified highways accounts for 88.4% of the total mileage of highways.

A water transport network connecting trunk and branch will be initially formed.

By the end of 2015, ports across the country had 31300 productive berths, including 2221 berths of 10000 tons and above, and 1173 specialized berths for coal, crude oil, metal ores, containers, etc. The level of large-scale, deep-water, specialized and automated ports has been further improved. The navigation mileage of inland waterways has reached 127000 kilometers, with 52.2% of the classified waterways. The mileage of high-grade waterways has reached the standard of 13600 kilometers. The navigation conditions of the Yangtze River, Xijiang River, Beijing Hangzhou Canal and other waterways have been continuously improved. An inland waterway system with "two horizontal, one vertical, two networks and eighteen lines" as the main body has been initially built.

The civil airport system has basically taken shape.

By the end of 2015, there were 210 civil aviation transport airports in China, initially forming a pattern of cooperation between international hub airports such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, provincial capital cities and regional hub airports in key cities as the backbone, and other trunk and branch airports. The construction of air traffic control facilities has been continuously strengthened. In 2015, 8.566 million aircraft took off and landed. The development of general airports was accelerated. The construction of airport rail transit and airport fast track has been accelerated, and the airport is more closely connected with other transportation modes.

The establishment of township offices and postal service in villages and towns will be realized on the whole.

By the end of 2015, the total number of postal routes in China had reached 25000, the total length of postal routes (one-way) had reached 6.376 million kilometers, the total number of postal universal service business places had reached 54000, and the total number of village postal stations had reached 210000. Express service outlets reached 183000, and the total length of the network (one-way) reached 23.705 million kilometers.

The backbone network of oil and gas pipelines has taken shape.

By the end of 2015, the total mileage of onshore oil and gas pipelines in China had reached 112000 km, initially forming three major backbone networks of crude oil, product oil and natural gas covering 31 provinces (districts and cities) in China, as well as the oil and gas transmission network of "oil from the west to the east, oil from the north to the south, gas from the west to the east, gas from the north to the south, and sea gas landing".

2. Transportation service capacity

The transportation volume ranks first in the world.

In 2015, the whole society completed 19.43 billion passenger traffic and 3004.7 billion passenger kilometers; The freight volume reached 41 billion tons and the freight turnover volume reached 173690.6 billion ton kilometers. The railway passenger turnover and freight volume rank first in the world, the freight turnover ranks second in the world, the highway passenger and freight transport volume and turnover, waterway freight transport volume and turnover rank first in the world, and the total civil aviation transport turnover, passenger turnover, cargo and mail turnover rank second in the world. The cargo throughput and container throughput of ports in China rank first in the world. The postal industry has served more than 70 billion users annually, and the annual business volume of express delivery ranks first in the world. The single day processing peak value of large-scale online shopping promotion "Double 11" activities exceeds 160 million pieces. The pipeline freight volume reached 710 million tons, and the turnover volume reached 413.88 billion ton kilometers.

The quality of transportation service has been comprehensively improved.

Advanced transport organization modes such as multimodal transport, drop and hook transport and professional logistics such as cold chain have developed rapidly. Standardized transport units such as containers and vans have accelerated their promotion. Informatization and intensification of urban and rural logistics distribution have been significantly improved, improving the efficiency of social logistics operations. The safety level of traffic and transportation has been greatly improved. The overall safety level of railway passenger transport ranks among the world's top. The number of deaths caused by road traffic accidents per 10000 vehicles in 2015 decreased by 72.4% compared with 2005. The number of accidents above the port throughput level of one million tons of transport ships across the country decreased by 5% on average every year. The 10-year rolling value of the rate of major accidents per million hours in civil aviation transport is 0.018 (the world average is 0.24). Great efforts were made to improve the equalization of basic public services for passenger transport. The strategy of "public transport priority" was steadily promoted. The national bus only lanes reached 8569 kilometers, and the length of bus rapid transit (BRT) lines reached 3081 kilometers. New modes of customized public transport, night bus and other special public transport service products were constantly enriched, and new forms of business such as online taxi were developing rapidly.

The accessibility of transport services has been significantly enhanced.

High speed railway covers 65% of cities with a population of more than one million. There are 181000 road passenger lines. More than 45000 urban bus (electric) lines have been operated nationwide, and 105 urban rail transit lines have been operated, with a total length of 3195 kilometers. International waterway transport routes and container liner routes connect with more than 1000 ports in more than 100 countries and regions. There are 3326 regular flights of civil aviation, with the route mileage exceeding 7.866 million kilometers (calculated by repeated distance), reaching 204 cities in China, 137 cities in Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and 55 countries (regions). The coverage of township express service outlets nationwide reached 70%.

The technical level of transportation tools has been constantly improved.

By the end of 2015, diesel and electric locomotive traction has been achieved for all main railway lines, and the types and structures of passenger and freight transport vehicles have been upgraded. The number of civil vehicles has reached 172.28 million, the total number of highway passenger and freight transport vehicles has reached 14.73 million, the average tonnage of freight vehicles has increased from 6.3 tons to 7.5 tons, and the proportion of special purpose trucks (including drop and hitch transport vehicles) has increased from 5.1% to 27.2%. The degree of high-grade and comfortable operation of passenger cars and large-scale and specialized freight vehicles has continued to increase. The number of water transport ships reached 166000, the total capacity of the marine fleet reached 160 million tons, the average tonnage of inland cargo ships exceeded 800 tons, the standardization rate of ship types in the navigable waters of high-grade channels reached 50%, and the trend of large-scale, specialized and standardized ships was obvious. Civil aviation has 2650 registered transport aircraft, and general aviation enterprises have 1904 registered aircraft. The postal industry has 244000 vehicles of all kinds and 71 domestic special cargo planes for express delivery.

An efficient safety supervision and maritime emergency rescue system was initially established.

The national inter ministerial joint meeting system for maritime search and rescue and emergency response to major oil spills was established and improved. The maritime search, rescue and salvage force continued to increase, and the search and rescue volunteer team continued to expand. A three-dimensional and efficient maritime traffic safety supervision and maritime emergency support system with extensive coverage, rapid response has been initially established.

3. Scientific and technological innovation and application

Infrastructure construction technology is leading in the world.

The technologies of high-speed railway, alpine railway, plateau railway and heavy haul railway have entered the world's advanced ranks, and high-speed railway has become a new business card of "Made in China" and "Going Global". Railway and highway construction technologies with special geology such as plateau permafrost, expansive soil and desert have overcome world-class problems, and Qinghai Tibet Highway and Qinghai Tibet Railway have been completed and put into operation successively. A number of world-class super large bridges and tunnels have been built, and the construction technology of super large bridges and tunnels has reached the world's advanced level. The key technologies of offshore deep-water port construction, the regulation technology of giant estuarine channel, the regulation technology of the channel system in the long river section, and the construction technology of large airport projects are world leading, and a series of major projects such as the Hong Kong Zhuhai Macao Bridge, the Yangshan Port Container Terminal, and the Yangtze River Estuary deep-water channel regulation have been implemented.

Equipment manufacturing technology has made rapid progress.

A number of high-performance railway equipment technologies with independent intellectual property rights, represented by high-speed trains and high-power locomotives, have reached the world's advanced level, and some have reached the world's leading level. Industrialization of new energy road transport equipment has been preliminarily realized. China has become one of the few countries in the world that can independently develop large aircraft, with its independently developed regional airliners, general-purpose aircraft and helicopters having been delivered for use and C919 large passenger aircraft coming off the assembly line. The manufacturing technology of large-scale specialized terminal handling equipment, marine machinery special ships, and complete container equipment is leading the world, and the 300 meter saturation diving has made innovative breakthroughs. Postal optical character recognition (OCR), video complement, code address verification and other sorting technologies are leading in the world.

Informational and intelligent technologies are widely used.

Big data, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, mobile Internet and other information communication technologies are widely used in the field of transportation, and the business model of combining online and offline is booming. The railway has built a passenger networking ticketing system, realizing the informatization of transportation production dispatching and command. Expressway Electronic Toll Collection System (ETC) has basically achieved nationwide networking. Port Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Vessel Traffic Management System (VTS) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) are widely used in water transport management, and the Yangtze River trunk line electronic navigation has been developed